SOAP notes 1 & 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cleanser notes 1 and 2 - Essay Example The patient further gripes of general shortcoming of the entire body, excruciating hurts all over his body, and irritated eyes, along with a running nose, sore and dry throat. He further gripes of hacking. The patient in this way denies he has any type of queasiness and retching. The historical backdrop of the male patient is that he has been encountering extreme cold and nose blockage since birth. This shows the patient has been having this issue since the time he was youthful. Additional proof shows that he has been under medicine for as long as years. He further cases that the medications that he is been regulated has been giving him challenges during taking care of and additionally during rest. The patient further has a background marked by diabetes which he acquired from his folks. This diabetes has prompted the bringing down of his safe framework reaction and the moderate mending of wounds. This is showed by the nearness of the non - mending wounds on his correct leg. ROS: Diab etes. Head: The patient cases of extreme and repeating cerebral pains. ENT: The patient gripes of extreme agony and uneasiness during eating and furthermore when chatting on his throat. Eyes: The patient encounters sore and irritated eyes. He further encounters obscured vision because of the nearness of tears on his eyes. Cardio: The patient grumbles of torment in the chest while breathing and hacking. ... The patient whines of a repetitive and extreme cerebral pain and sore throat. Sensitivities: The patient isn't encountering any type of hypersensitivity towards residue, cold, or medications. Prescriptions: The patient is under the drug of diabetes that he acquired from his folks. - Acetaminophen medicate - Tylenol - Ibuprofen (Advil and Motrin) - Cough syrup - Other diabetes drugs PMH: - Diabetes - Wounds that set aside effort to mend - Severe fever - Chills Past careful hx: The patient has never experienced any type of careful activities. Family hx: The patient has diabetes that he acquired from his folks. Social hx: The patient is hitched. Have three kids; one child and two girls. He denies that he utilizes drugs, yet he smokes and furthermore drinks liquor. Destinations: Vitals: HR: 71, BP: 118/71, RR: 21, T: 103.0 oral Physical test: The patient has a blood gathering of O+ (positive). He has indistinct discourse, and uses a great deal of vitality to walk. Cardio: The patient has an ordinary musicality and rate. Resp: The reciprocal breath of the patient isn't make a sound as if to speak and nose blockage. In this manner, he is experiencing issues in relaxing. Skin: Dry, warm, the nose and the cheeks are pink in shading. The patient additionally has flushed skin. Abd: Soft and non - enlarged. Lymph: There is nearness of touched lymph hubs under the armpits and different areas of the body. Stool for OC: Negative Labs (1/4/12) †pre transfusion: HGB: 7.9, HCT: 25.6, WBC: 12, PLT: 469, RBC: 2.21, MCV: 87, ALBUMIN: 2.0, PRE †ALBUMIN: 20.1, GLOBULIN: 5.0, IRON: 27 Labs (1/10/12) †post transfusion: HGB: 10.6, HCT: 30.9, WBC: 10, PLT: 430, RBC: 4.21, MCV: 84, RDW: 15.3, RETIC COUNT: 1.7, BUN: 29, CR: 1.12, GFR: 43. 2D Cardiac Echo (10/09/11) EF: 50 †60% MVP ENT

Perception On Political Candidates Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(96) privileges of the considerable number of tenants and complete removal reliable with the estimations of degeneration. 1.0 Introduction This papers nowadayss proposed feeling peddle inquire about. The supposition solicit targets perusing the market and figure open assumption on their perceptual experience on political campaigners. We will compose a custom paper test on Discernment On Political Candidates Health And Social Care Essay or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Indicating of feeling peddle It is a push to occur out what segments of Embu district when all is said in done, their opinion of an Embu province driving and the capacity of the planned campaigner. This Public notion is affected by the new advancement in the Kenya new major law and curiously power degeneration to the province degree. Reason for conclusion peddle The Purpose of the proposed supposition solicit research will be to help the imminent campaigner know a large portion of the segments. 1.4 Goal of conclusion campaign The finish of the proposed conclusion solicit is to design and to build up a plan that will happen the triumphant proclamations for the run, its qualities and failings, each piece great as the qualities and potential exposures of your resistance, by to hold a trustworthy advance of open estimation through a specially crafted polls for the campaigners County. 1.5 Objective of the notion solicit 1. To have objective estimation, non abstract assessments, and realizes what occasions will affect open notion. 2. To ensure that the examination discoveries read the market and ascertain open conclusion on their perceptual experience on the political campaigner. 3. To illuminate the imminent political campaigner about the solicit results, discoveries, the derivation on their battling and ensuing approval at the area. 1.6 This proposition contain A Planning Model: Goals set, mark crowds, vital outcomes to be recognized. A battle/political Communications Scheme: Substantial and operational priorities and assaults. A Program Plan: Programs, plan bearing, and plan assets set to execute the plan. Segments Plans: Execution programs for battle/political Communications Strategy. 1.7 Background to area In the proposed bill of trade principal law, Kenya is to be partitioned into 47 areas dependent on the domains made in 1992. Concerning degeneration, the state will hold a specialists development with two areas: national and region authoritiess. The remotion of parts has adequately left region authoritiess as the purpose of harmony between the national and the district authoritiess. Expulsion of parts has other than moved sub-national harmony and trustworthiness endeavors from parts to the nearby degree. The bill of trade does non request a whole investigation and fix of the present neighborhood specialists development ; it leaves the issue detached until such a clasp, that new nearby specialists rule law will be authorized. A cautious perusing of the bill of trade shows that proposed district authoritiess will execute both cardinal and neighborhood specialists maps. The proposed decayed specialists has the point of increasing national uprightness through affirmation of decent variety. This implies area authoritiess will hold to apply their maps in a mode that advances nearby congruity. This will mostly be accomplished through just and equitably concurred priorities for neighborhood improvement. Further, neighborhood harmony can be accomplished through a politically comprehensive assault to advancement, which obliges minority contributions. Thusly, people group will be joined by a regularly concurred improvement docket. Matters, for example, assignments to district specialists spots ought to mirror the assorted variety of the networks served by the few area authoritiess. The region specialists will be the nearest immediate contact with nearby networks. 1.7.1 Vision One of the cardinal changes of the Constitution is the constitution of degeneration through area authoritiess. Essentially, it is a reaction to the gigantic centralization of region power at the Center and in the presidential term, highlighted by the scraped spot of neighborhood specialists. For some individuals, the central contact with specialists has been with Provincial and District Commissioners and Chiefs, at last mindful to the President. On an increasingly political degree, the centralization of intensity, all things considered practiced by a little inner circle of individuals around the President, minimized networks and parts that were seen to be against the administration. Financially, attempts and business would in general amass in Nairobi, and prompted relocation from provincial to urban nations. For a trepidation of the justification for degeneration, one can non improve than read Article 174.They incorporate democratization, answerability, expanded governing rules, national uprightness, perceiving decent variety and ensuring minorities, monetary turn of events and dish to administrations, and simply sharing of national and nearby assets. This is a goal-oriented docket, extended from the CKRC and Bomas bill of trades, however without the equivalent institutional understandings and lapsed forces. Degeneration is in part an issue of law and incompletely of shows and example. It will come into outcome simply after the accompanying General Elections, when the province congregations and governors will be chosen. There is sufficient flexibleness with respect to the turn of events and activity of the framework. Forces and cash will be moved only when the ability to oversee them has been set up in the area. Area authoritiess could hold that the national specialists should make certain things for them, or the national specialists could hold that the provinces, or those of them with the limit, should assume control over certain national specialists maps. Torahs can be made to give new powers to the districts. The framework is to be staged in with the goal that maps are moved a tiny bit at a time to areas that can oversee them, and non all districts need get all the forces at a similar clasp. In spite of the fact that the national specialists can do Torahs about everything, remembering subjects for which districts may do Torahs, national specialists statute will take precedency simply if there is acceptable ground for holding national rather than province Torahs. Adaptability is surely something worth being thankful for, however it requires complex frameworks of discourse and assurance formulating. The essential law perceives this and accommodates co-activity between the national and district authoritiess, with a basic capacity for the Senate as a sort of negociating gathering at a similar clasp as it secures the inclusions of areas. There are other than systems for guaranting that areas watch the privileges of the considerable number of inhabitants and complete removal predictable with the estimations of degeneration. You read Discernment On Political Candidates Health And Social Care Essay in classification Paper models On the different manus, it is of import that the national specialists understands that degeneration is a basic constituent of the new arrangement of the area †and provinces have naturally ensured position and powers †and resist the allure to request to them. In spite of this positive model, there are not kidding anxiousnesss about degeneration. Incomprehensibly, some are troubled about unreasonably much powers being given over to provinces, others ( like us ) that unnecessarily little force is ensured. In any case, we have noted over the flexibleness in this regard. Some dread preference against minorities inside the areas, and the tendency of the predominant social gathering to permit all region workplaces and assets. Gatherings who have relocated into a district as of late are dreadful even of removal. We should take these anxiousnesss sincerely. The central law covers with them. All residents have equivalent rights where ever they live, and the Bill of Rights has a solid arrangement of authorization. Some freedom can be accommodated minorities situated in nations where they are numerically overall through neighborhood specialists. Minorities are to be proportionately spoken to in province gatherings and the official. At last, there is approval for the national specialists to step in a province which damages the privileges of its tenants ( under the class of â€Å" surpassing fortunes † ) , after inquiry by an autonomous board of trustees. While dread of preference is comprehensible, it is of import to help ourselves that a to remember import goal of degeneration is to expand national uprightness, non jeopardize it. Administrations at the region degree, each piece much as at the national degree, have established obligations to progress between ethnic concordance, cultural justness and the insurance of human rights. Gatherings which have endured in the past because of vindictive strategies of the cardinal specialists will currently happen it simpler, through the province framework, to encounter secure, partake in open individual businesss, haggle with the national specialists and fuse strategically. In the event that this occurs, national respectability will be reinforced. What's more, this will be helped by the interest of only dissemination of assets, and specific guide to the less created regions. There are other than anxiousnesss about the financial findings of degeneration. The expenses credited to degeneration are non new costs: we as of now have financial plans for regions, including for region boards, a few purposes of the bing cardinal specialists spending will be moved to areas as the maps are moved, and we as of now have some financess which are all the time reserved for domains. Ideally, the Salaries and Remuneration Commission will set up reasonable wages for open officials, and the law may see providing only remittances, non compensation, for individuals from area congregations, as their maps will non name for full clasp committedness â

27 Tweets About Books Only 90s And 00s Teens Will Understand List List #337

27 Tweets About Books Only 90s And 00s Teens Will Understand List List #337 Sponsored by The Familiars by Stacey Halls and MIRA Books. Young Fleetwood Shuttleworth, noblewoman of one of the finest houses in Lancashire, is pregnant for the fourth time, having been unable to carry a baby to term so far. When Fleetwood finds a hidden letter from the doctor who delivered her last stillbirth, she learns of the prediction that she will not survive another pregnancy. By chance she meets a midwife who promises to help Fleetwood deliver a healthy baby and prove the physician wrong. As the midwife, Alice, is drawn into the witchcraft accusations sweeping the area, Fleetwood must risk everything to help clear her name. Historians have asked, “was witch-hunting woman-hunting?” THE FAMILIARS explores the themes of women’s rights in this period, many of which still resonate today. at BuzzFeed,  27 Tweets About Books Only 90s And 00s Teens Will Understand at Electric Lit,  11 Books About Stalkers and Obsessives for Fans of “You” at the Guardian,  10 Books About Coming Out at The Bold Italic,  Books That Take Place in San Francisco at The New York Times, Books By 2020 Presidential Candidates at Off the Shelf,  9 Film Adaptations Nominated for Oscars This Year at Read it Forward,  Books That Celebrate Women of the African Diaspora at Tor.com,  the 2018 Nebula Awards Finalists at Vanity Fair,  6 Must-Read Books from Around the World at Bustle,  The Best Non-Fiction Books Out This Month In The UK at Paste,  The Most Anticipated Essay Collections of 2019

Karl Marx’s Views on Today’s Society - 1675 Words

In the market place of today there are high skilled workers and low skilled workers. The high skilled workers have control of the market due to their credentials as the owners did in the past, since the market has moved from the owners operating the businesses. The low skilled workers fall into the same class, as they were under Marx’s theory as workers however their equivalent is to that of a serf or a peasant. It seems that Marx would be disgusted with what the market place had become today. Marx believed that in order to get things done legislatively, make sure that the laws are followed and that the low skilled workers still have a job, the high skilled workers had to take control. This control allows the market to function rather†¦show more content†¦This would not only effect the market having to pay their debt but would have devastating effects on the markets that aid was given or promised. Currently the young pay for benefits to be provided to the disabled and the elderly when they hit the age of retirement. This benefits the disabled and elderly, but leaves the younger generation with concerns that these same benefits will not be around when they would need them in the future. This concept also plays a part in a way with the amount of taxes that are paid in by workers. It seems that the high skilled workers out of paying more in taxes since they are able to find more deductions, whereas the low skilled workers would not have those same deductions to use therefore have to pay more in. According to Marx’s â€Å"Labor theory of value† the common low skilled worker in the market of today is being underpaid and the high-skilled workers who run the market are pocketing the difference. This compounded with the added burden of high taxes and paying for the benefits of the elderly and disabled is an unstable basis for a market. Marx believed that all low-skilled workers needed is enough money to survive, in the market today the common man wants much more than just to survive. The feeling of entitlement within the workforce goes against many of Marx’s beliefs about the market. As more and more of the population become educated the amount of low-skill worked decreases, this in turnShow MoreRelatedMarxs Claim on Religion: Explanation, Analysis, and Problem1088 Words   |  4 PagesMarxs Claim on Religion: In the past few years, Karl Marx has been increasingly incorporated in general sociology though his ideas are briefly mentioned or totally ignored in certain specialties in the sociological field. One of the major sociological specialties where Marxs ideas have been briefly mentioned is the sociology of religion. The sociology of religion only consists of few references to Marxs concepts and views though he accorded much significance to religion. Regardless of the minimalRead MoreKarl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim offered differing perspectives on the role of religion. Choose the theorist whose insights you prefer and theorists views over the others.991 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim offered differing perspectives on the role of religion. Choose the theorist whose insights you prefer and outline how they perceived religion operating socially. Discuss why you chose your preferred theorists views over the others. Marx, Durkheim and Weber each had different sociological views of the role and function of Religion. 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Rituals in Anthropology - 1617 Words

Amberlee Deauseault Anthropology 104 TA: Adriana People all over the world have different rituals. A ritual is a repetitive act that symbolizes events that have taken place in the past. Many times it can be religious, but it can also be a ceremony having to do with social customs. Rituals are repeated yearly or every couple years, it is not a ritual if it is only done once and never again. A pilgrimage physically takes someone from one place to another, whereas a ritual could be performed in one spot depending on what it is. The first part of a pilgrimage is separation; in the article â€Å"Run for the Wall† the riders leave their homes to embark on their trip across the country. The second part is the liminal stage where riders†¦show more content†¦All of these rituals have different meanings to different people. For example, the Mikva, all women do this before they can be available to their husbands. It is a ritual washing that is supposed to purify the women. To many women this is just somet hing they have to do, they were brought up to have a monthly Mikva washing. However, Dr. Myerhoff went to the Mikva in hopes that it would purify her and help her with her cancer. Also, she had gone just for the experience as an anthropologist but, it was mainly to better herself. Another ritual that was presented in the film was getting a Ghet. A Ghet is a religious divorce. Dr. Myerhoff was divorced from her husband legally but, when talking with the rabbi he explained to her that she is still married to his soul. Going through the Ghet released their souls from one another. To Dr. Myerhoff this ritual had a great affect because she was now free to love again. She had not been with another man since her divorce and once her soul was free she could do so. Another thing that Dr. Myerhoff did was change her name to a Hebrew name. By getting the Ghet and changing her name she now had a new identity in hopes that it would clear or at least help her cancer. To many people, cha nging their names just meant that they were changing ones destiny. However, Dr. Myerhoff was essentially changing her fate. These rituals are practiced byShow MoreRelatedNacirema - Body Ritual in Anthropology757 Words   |  4 PagesAnthropology Paper - Module 1 In 1956 a professor from the University of Michigan, Horace Miner, wrote an article in The American Anthropologist that has become a mainstay of learning for anthropology students. Miner published the article to show a fictional exotic society called â€Å"Body Ritual among the Nacirema† as an example of how one’s own limited perspective might affect the perception of a foreign culture (Miner, 1956, p. 503). 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Therefore, the anthropology of religion is a field that seems to be characterized largely by studies of self, collective, and power, rather than the more simplistic set, as I defined it originally, of self, other, and ritual. To approach the field in this way, we will analyze Latin American popular religion. I will first distinguish between the self and the collectiveRead MoreWedding Ceremony Is Important Day Of A Person s Life1393 Words   |  6 Pageshundreds of different traditions and rituals that take place during a wedding ceremony, the general consensus is a wedding is something special. For most it is more than just a contract. It is not only a celebration of a bride and groom, but also the unity of family and bringing people together. Weddings are special in that, they are a day out of ordinary focusing on celebrations, but they also highlight the uniqueness of cultures. 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Humanitys Journey in Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath Essay

Humanitys Journey in Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath As a major literary figure since the 1930s, Steinbeck displays in his writing a characteristic respect for the poor and oppressed. In many of his novels, his characters show signs of a quiet dignity and courage for which Steinbeck has a great admiration. For instance, in The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck describes the unrelenting struggle of the people who depend on the soil for their livelihood. One element helping give this novel an added touch of harmony is Steinbeck’s ability to bind these two ideas into one story: the never ending struggle to survive and primacy of the family. The journey of the Joads serves as a suitable vehicle for the delivery of Steinbecks message and†¦show more content†¦The never say die efforts of Uncle John to stop the rising flood water is one example of Steinbecks unremitting struggle theme (Steinbeck 567). The constant effort of the entire Joad family to find work, although poor, oppressed, and hungry, shows that Steinbeck wants to show their tremendous courage and dignity. In this way, Steinbeck is able to use the journey structure to describe these fine qualities he sees and respects in the poverty-stricken masses of his time. If one reads more deeply into The Grapes of Wrath, the reader may find that the journey of the Joads mirrors the journeys of other Okies and other forced migrations in history. The journey of the Joads has its ups and downs. Migrants are not always received with open arms; they are commonly persecuted and looked upon as subhuman. For them the promised land becomes the land of despair and suffering. While exposing the ordeal of their poverty, Steinbeck also seeks to affirm the sanctity of life and the unifying, clarifying forces inherent in human suffering (Wilson 529). In many ways, the journey of the Africans to America as slaves is similar to the dust bowl migrations. Both are forced from the land that they love by seemingly non-human forces. They were taken to the land of riches where they were poor. The slaves were however taken by force but the Okies were seduced by the lure of work andShow MoreRelatedThe Grapes of Wrath - Journey of the Joads and Humanity Essay777 Words   |  4 Pages The Journey of the Joads and the Journey of Humanity nbsp; In Steinbecks novel, The Grapes of Wrath, he describes the struggle of the small farmer and farmworker. The principal characters define quiet dignity and courage in their struggle to survive and in the caring for their loved ones. Through this novel, Steinbeck displays his respect for all the poor and oppressed of our world. nbsp; The journey of the Joads represents Steinbecks message of respect for the poor and oppressed onRead MoreThe Grapes of Wrath Synthesis Essay891 Words   |  4 Pagestowards each other. It has happened so much so, that some have argued human nature is intrinsically violent and aggressive. This can be seen in chapter 25 of The Grapes of Wrath: the mindless destruction of resources ultimately amounts to nothing productive. In his novel, Steinbeck expresses harsh criticism and disapproval toward humanity’s self-destructive and violent nature. Man’s cruelty to his fellow man, a major theme in the book, is very clearly addressed in chapter 25: â€Å"And men with hosesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Grapes Of Wrath 1436 Words   |  6 PagesTyler Jordan Ms. Mittleman Honors American Lit. September 14, 2014 â€Å"Humanity’s Wrathful Curtain† In his historical fiction, Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck characterizes the Joad family as one of the many migrating farming families subjected to prejudice and seclusion on their journey to California. Similarly, in T.C. Boyle’s Tortilla Curtain, Cà ¡ndido and Amà ©rica are victims of animosity and discrimination after fleeing their homes in Mexico to seek a better life in Los Angeles. In their stories

Trade Unions free essay sample

Introduction Over the years a number of theorists have attempted to explain union action and behaviour. The trade unions were formed during the period of rise and growth in capitalism. Capitalism is characterised by exploitation of workers, low wages inequality, this ideology is seen as beneficial to the economy. The trade union as a revolutionary agency will be discussed. Different interpretations of Lenin and Trotsky will critically analyse trade unions as revolutionary agencies. To fully comprehend this essay you need to understand why trade unions developed. Unions developed as means of redressing the imbalance of power between workers and employers, whereas workers had virtually no power as individuals, through a collective organization their influence was considerably increased (Giddens: 2006,754). Trade unions occurred in the capitalist system because of the polarity of social classes and social stratification, which consisted of those whom own the means of production and the labours. All this exploitation resulted in social inequality which made people aware of social consciousness. Aim of revolution The aim of the revolution was to create socialism, which is a world wide classless society based on the common ownership and democratic control of the means of producing the distributing wealth (Ross:1998,175). For Marx the central feature of socialism is that work would no longer be monotonous drudgery (Kelly: 1988,10). Here the individual will only be recognized just as another tool in the production process. The bourgeoisie regard their system as eternal, not subject to fundamental change. This differs radically from Marxism, which teaches us that capitalism is a transitory social formation. Like feudalism and slavery, it will have to give way to a higher form of society. The bourgeoisie cannot be given an objective assessment of the real trends in capitalist society. Everything they do is calculated to serve self-interest for the most malicious type. Emergence of trade unions Trade unions did not instantaneously occur as a strong force but it was assisted by the First International. Like any other movement trying to onvey a point or create change it needed guidance and coordination this is where the First International comes into play. According to Kelly Under the guidance of Marx and Engles, it devoted much of its time and resources to assisting trade union economic and political struggles throughout Europe (1988,21). Economic and political struggle Many economist believed that trade union economic struggle would of itself develop revolutionary class consciousness a nd improve the condition of the working class (Kelly: 1988,29). Therefore economist believed that if trade unions strike and fight for things of monetary value e. g. wages that their conditions would increase. Lenin argued this, he insisted that economic struggle alone could not possible bring significant improvement in the working class. He argued that economic and political struggle cannot be separated. According to Kelly The economic struggle develops the workers political consciousness and spurs the workers on to think of state political questions (1988,29). This is because if the workers are constantly fighting with the capitalists this would bring them in conflict with the capitalist system and the workers could only be political and economically set free and achieve their goals only through exerting they influence in the political system. In a capitalist system the bourgeoisie who are the owners of the means of production determine the political system which is in their interests. It is important to note that even though the workers standards of living may slightly increase, economic improvement, their social position declines. Therefore an economic struggle was not sufficient to completely change the problems that the working class was experiencing. An example of this is South African trade unions due to their persistence of improving employees working conditions they have impacted the political system this is through laws and employee rights been incorporated in the legislation such as employment equity act. Dynamics of class consciousness Class consciousness was vital in achieving a counter- revolution in this case from a capitalist to a socialist system. Lenin argued that revolutionary class consciousness cannot develop out of spontaneous economic struggles of trade unions, but must be brought to the working class form outside the sphere of production relations, by intellectuals drawn mainly from the bourgeois intellengista (Kelly:1988,29). This indicates that Lenin had little regard for the workers, the consciousness had to be brought from outside, the workers were incapable of developing their own ideology. In spite of this Lenin saw a need for trade unions. According to Kelly Lenin did in fact defend the necessity for independent trade union to protect workers against abuse and exploitation and opposed those who saw no role fro trade unions in a socialist society. (1988:30). Trade unions are necessary a prime example would be the numerous people in China who work in sweat shops for multi-national corporations. These people are being severely exploited. They work under poor working conditions and are used as cheap labour for companies such as Nike if trade unions were present this severity of exploitation would not occur. Engels disagreed with Lenin he saw trade unions as playing a potentially revolutionary role; no matter how limited their activities were, they attacked the very basis of capital accumulation. As indicated previously that class consciousness needed to be directed by intellectuals, these are people who had a greater understanding of class consciousness, and socialist ideologies. This indicates only through proper leadership can a groups goals be achieved, this Is because people need to be directed, it is essential for any group especially a large group such as workers they need controlled leadership. Lenin states that the working class a spontaneous and they need help in form of education and guidance (Kelly:1988,30). Therefore the stable leaders are able to maintain continuity of the party since it their profession to be revolutionaries. An importantly the revolutionaries are professionally trained they will be more difficult to catch the organization. A prime an example of this is South Africas democracy political leaders such as Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and Chris Hani fought for black liberation in the struggle against apartheid continuously until it democracy was achieved. Non whites where rioting but without these leaders continuous dedication and direction their efforts would have been insignificant. Another feature of a trade union Is freeriding. This is where people may gain the benefits of joining a union without joining it if they union already enjoys widespread support (ClarkeClements:1978:20). Many join the union for the benefits but don not participate but if everybody decides to freeride the union will soon collapse. Therefore trade unions need leadership because of such things otherwise it will collapse. Lenin ushered in something new not only into the Russian, but into the international labor movement as well. For Lenin the trade unions were a part of a mechanism. According to Kelly for class consciousness a revolutionary party was necessary to educate the workers and instil in the a realisation of their true interests. (1988,34). In one of For him the trade unions were of value only if they were imbued with the Communist spirit. To saturate the unions with a Communist ideology, Lenin was an outstanding political thinker. He knew how to manoeuvre with millions, how to direct millions into the struggle, he correctly estimated the role and the tasks of the trade unions and was instrumental in making the Russian trade union movement play an exceptional role in the shaping of the trade union movement of all countries. Trotsky Epoch imperialism results in trade union organizations in the entire world drawing closely to and growing together with the state power. This process is equally characteristic of the neutral, the Social-Democratic, the Communist and anarchist trade unions. This fact alone shows that the tendency towards growing together is intrinsic not in this or that doctrine as such but derives from social conditions common for all unions. (). Therefore the trade unions are becoming semi-state institutions. There exists this false impression that the workers have an influence in the economic system therefore the state has more control over trade unions and it reinforces its ideology of capitalism. Trade Union bureaucracy Troksty placed great emphasis on the role of he bureaucracy in retarding revolutionary trade union struggle and consciousness. According to Trotsky It is thanks to the trade union bureaucracy that the whole structure of capitalism now stands upright. (Kelly:1988,142). Bureaucracy is characterized by a hierarchical top down and depersonalized structure, it relies too much on written rules and does not allow for flexibility. Therefore the workers would have very little say. Weber believes that democratic representation are closely related to the rise of the bureaucracy (ClarkeClemont:1978,23). Bureaucracy is important because if there are leaders in place individual accountability will be reduced. In becoming bureaucrats, leaders are distanced for the grassroots; because of their organizational power, they able to resist challenges to their leadership and become a semi permanent elite. Michels referred to this process as the iron law of oligarchy. (Clarke Clements:1978,24). Therefore what would develop is a clear distinct separation between the leaders and the trade union members. Trotsky believed that the economy was ready for a revolution and the masses were politically active, conscious and unified or would become so under the impact of economic crisis and revolutionary propaganda. Kelly:1988, 43). Trade unions should have realised by coming together as masses they have greater power and could create a counter revolution instead of being organs of the state. If all the trade unions decided to strike and stop work, production would stop since there are indispensible in the production process and they would be able to enforce their demands through this action. In imperialism capitalism can maintain itself only by lowering living standards of the working class. According to Trotsky under imperialism capitalism trade union can either transform into revolutionary organisation or become lieutenants of capital in the intensified exploitation of the workers and the trade union bureaucracy took the second path (Kelly:1988,45). Therefore trade unions cease being trade unions in imperialist epoch. In other words the trade union cannot be part of democracy, they can no longer remain politically neutral and they cannot adequately serve the needs of the working class with the influence of the state. Transitional demands Trotskys most interesting contribution to the study of trade unionism was his theory of transitional demands as raising class consciousness. From the non achievement of the workers basic demands, workers were supposed to refrain if the system could not meet their demands, then let it perish (Kelly:1988, 47). Therefore workers would ask for unreasonable demands under the capitalism system such as a 15 percent wage when they are fully aware this is impossible therefore the industry would have to meet their demands or they would strike which would result in a halt in productivity. These demands, as we have seen, are designed not to be achievable under capitalism their purpose is to effect a break with capitalism and provide a transition to socialist revolution. (Kelly:1988, 47). Transitional demands as Trotsky refers to them, basically act as a bridge between answering the immediate problems of working people and the socialist transformation of society, the ultimate solution to all the separate issues. This is because many workers would want their immediate problems addressed and would see the idea of socialism irrelevant if their immediate concerns werent being addressed. For Trotsky it went without saying that an adequate class consciousness and an adequate level of organisation would emerge as soon as the economic levels of the working class grew Criticisms The first problem with Trotskys idea that arises from transitional demands, it did not occur to him that the historical process and political-economic institutions in which this new working class was being formed and its practical experiences would be equally essential factors in a counter revolution.